Terms About Courts and the Judicial System

Terms About Courts and the Judicial System Terms About Courts and the Judicial System Terms About Courts and the Judicial System By Mark Nichol Likewise with any administration part, the US legal framework is decided by explicit terminology that recognizes one kind of court from another, just as different purposes of style: The US Supreme Court US can be explained, however there’s no compelling reason to do so ought to be assigned in that capacity, with the initials for â€Å"United States,† to separate it from state incomparable courts regardless of whether just the government court is referenced. In resulting references, it tends to be distinguished basically as â€Å"the Supreme Court† or even â€Å"the Court.† (Though court is generally lowercased in nonexclusive use, the word is frequently promoted regarding the most elevated court in the land.) Albeit a state Supreme Court is commonly so assigned in neighborhood media, in distributions with increasingly across the board flow â€Å"the California Supreme Court† (or â€Å"California’s state Supreme Court†), for instance, is liked. Not all proportionate legal bodies, be that as it may, are so assigned; varieties incorporate â€Å"Court of Appeals,† â€Å"District Court,† â€Å"Circuit Court,† â€Å"Superior Court,† and Court of Common Pleas.† Local redrafting courts are casually called, for example, â€Å"the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals,† however it’s better to utilize the conventional title for this situation, â€Å"The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.† Formal names of locale courts follow this structure: â€Å"U.S. Region Court for the Central District of California†; their subunits are divisions whose shifting names are promoted, as in â€Å"Eastern Division.† Names of legal disputes are emphasized, and versus is truncated with a v followed by a period: Brown v. Leading body of Education. The legal framework is likewise known by the terms legal executive and, sometimes, judicature. The capacity of the legal part of government is to decipher and apply law, just as guarantee equivalent equity under the law; the authoritative framework makes laws, and the official branch authorizes them. The leader of the U.S. Incomparable Court is assigned the main equity; this activity title is promoted before that person’s name, however a conventional recognizable proof, considerably after the person’s name, is â€Å"chief equity of the United States.† All different individuals from the Court are called partner judges; this title is likewise beginning topped before a name. An adjudicator is recognized by that activity title, as in â€Å"Judge John Doe,† however recall that when a vocation title is gone before by a passing term, the activity title turns out to be a piece of a portrayal and is did not underwrite anymore: â€Å"retired judge John Doe,† â€Å"appellate court judge Mary Smith.† What's more, how would you compose the type of direct location of an appointed authority? â€Å"Thank you, Your Honor,† proportionate to utilization for other common titles â€Å"One more inquiry, Mr. President†; â€Å"Please grab a chair, Senator.† Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† toward the Beginning of a Sentence5 Brainstorming Strategies for WritersPunctuation Is Powerful

Alexander Pope’s poem The Rape of the Lock Essay Example for Free

Alexander Pope’s sonnet The Rape of the Lock Essay There are a few viewpoints to Alexander Pope’s sonnet, The Rape of the Lock which concrete it as a special and significant work. In addition to the fact that Pope’s use of symbolism and other abstract devices make a scene of the world which is spoken to here, however Pope additionally makes the sentiment of complete emersion into the story for the peruser.  â â â â â â â â â â There are likewise numerous individual issues, inside the work itself, which use their social remaining to make feeling for the peruser, for example, the utilization of medications all through The Rape of the Lock. This makes a passionate bond with between the peruser and the character inside the sonnet by compelling the peruser to make decisions on the characters. This judgment, at that point, turns out to be a piece of the reader’s vision of the world Pope made inside the sonnet.  â â â â â â â â â â While the sonnet itself was called to be composed by Pope’s dear companion, to end the quarrel between two families, what Pope prevails with regards to making was an epic of desire, revelry and social posing. This story, spun by Alexander Pope, appears to be the same amount of a judgment of the social delineation of his time, as it is a request for all around conceived families to set aside their trivial quarrels. The occasions paving the way to the composition of the sonnet, as clarified by Pope were:  â â â â â â â â â â The taking of Miss Belle Fermors hair, was paid attention to as well, and caused anâ â â â â â â â â â â â â antagonism between the two families, however they had lived for such a long time in incredible fellowship  â â â â previously. A typical associate and wellâ â â â wisher to both wanted me to compose a sonnet toâ â â â â â â â â â â â â â make a quip of it, and snicker them together once more. It was withâ â â this view I composed the Rape of the Lock. (Pope) This mostly clarifies the utilization of the term â€Å"Rape† in the title. The utilization of such a solid word to portray such an asinine occasion represents Alexander Pope’s partiality to spoof †just as his capacity to outline the peculiar and frequently amusing quirks of the affluent tip top.  â â â â â â â â â â As Pope starts his five demonstration sonnet, his first line the two inquiries and blames the gatherings engaged with the contention by asking what â€Å"trivial things† could have been viewed as such a â€Å"dire Offence†. The ambush which is talked about by Pope in this first canto is portrayed as being submitted by a â€Å"well-reproduced Lord† upon a â€Å"gentle Belle†. This ambush is additionally addressed, in that Pope asked how a â€Å"Belle† could decline the advances of such an all around conceived man. It is the suspicion, from this early trade, it was socially anticipated that these two people, assuredly because of their social standing, would have no real option except to frame a physical association †totally overlooking any close to home decision in the issue.  â â â â â â â â â â Throughout the primary canto, there are a few instances of examples where Pope made an unusual feeling of reality through his utilization of word decision and request. Calling to consideration the vision of a â€Å"birth-night beau†, a bubbly and glad picture, Pope compares the possibility of non-consensual relations and goes into a fantasy state. The inferences that Pope makes here are an exceptionally white and unadulterated scene. The utilization of symbolism, for example, the shoes, â€Å"silver sound†, and Belinda laying her head against her â€Å"downy pillow† makes a setting of wellbeing and warmth.  â â â â â â â â â â In line twenty four of the principal canto, the sonnet starts to take on a quite fabulous feel. This is utilized to make the feeling that Belinda is really a sluggish individual. As she emerges around early afternoon, the peruser is informed that she comes back to rest †making a feeling of an unpressured and potentially ruined young lady without any obligations.  â â â â â â â â â â The fantasies of Belinda are likewise represented here. Pope specifies a few sorts of awesome characters in this segment which delineate the unreasonable world Belinda occupies. The blessed messengers and mythical people which Pope makes reference to number in the thousands †and through them, show the psychological time of Belinda †that of a kid. These animals likewise set up the significance of the principal canto, the admonition of Belinda.  â â â â â â â â â â free Mirror of thy administering Star I saw, oh! some fear Event approach, Ere to the Main this Morning Sun drop. Be that as it may, Heavn uncovers not what, or how, or where: Warnd by thy Sylph, goodness Pious Maid be careful! This to unveil is all thy Guardian can. Be careful with all, however most be careful with Man! (Pope 1.108-114) This admonition shows the peruser, in Pope’s mock-epic style, that a disaster is going to unfurl for Belinda.  â â â â â â â â â â This fantastical delineation proceeds through the finish of the primary canto. Pope utilizes the representation of the things in Belinda’s space to make the animals which she sees through her fantasies. Line 135 is an ideal case of this as Pope composes: â€Å"The Tortoise here and Elephant join together,/Transform’d to Combs†. It is evident to the peruser that Pope is portraying a tortoise shell and ivory brush. Be that as it may, in the fantasy universe of Belinda, this item is spoken to by its exacting segments before losing this representation and turning into an apparatus to make Belinda’s physical excellence.  â â â â â â â â â â The subsequent canto is utilized to by Pope to represent the significance of hair to the physical magnificence of Belinda. Her lofty persona is portrayed by Pope so as to put a substantial load on the locks of hair she will in the end lose to the reckless Lord.  â â â â â â â â â â Pope overstates Belinda’s physical engaging quality and the appeal of her gems also. Despite the fact that she is encircled by many top notch young people, all enhanced in wonder, â€Å"evry Eye was fixd on her alone† (Pope 2.6) Her physical excellence, as Pope portrays it, is highlighted by the cross around her neck †which was marvelous to the point that â€Å"Jews may kiss, and Infidels adore†. (2.8) The influence of a bit of gems to defeat strict conviction is far-fetched, be that as it may, for Pope, this is an ideal method to delineate the apparent influence of high social remaining of the rich tip top. For the individuals from the tip top groups of England, the significance of visual introduction can't be over-expressed, not in any event, when contrasted with religion. Despite the fact that the image she wears is a Christian symbol, its excellence †both from its development and the way that it is being worn by a little youngster of such allure as Belinda, it could apparently change over Jews and barbarians from their picked creeds.  â â â â â â â â â â It is likewise in canto two that the Baron, who will execute the assault of the lock, is presented. Lines twenty nine and thirty of the subsequent canto peruses: â€Å"Th Adventrous Baron the brilliant Locks admird,/He saw, he wishd, and to the Prize aspird†. This presentation of the Lord makes an intriguing circumstance for the peruser. In spite of the few dozen lines of content which depict the excellence of Belinda’s garments, gems just as her physical highlights, it is the locks of hair that hang against her neck which the Baron first sets eyes upon, and thusly aches for.  â â â â â â â â â â The main sentiments of the Baron are demonstrated to be savage in nature.  â â â â â â â â â â Resolvd to win, he thinks the way,  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â By Force to violate, or by Fraud sell out;  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â For when Success a Lovers Toil joins in,  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Few ask, if Fraud or Force attaind his Ends.  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â (2.31-34) This delineation of the man’s expectation shows the peruser that the Baron doesn't envision the hair on Belinda as a piece of Belinda †in the event that he perceives Belinda by any means. The hair that holds tight her neck, in any case, is in a flash respected as a masterful prize.  â â â â â â â â â â It is likewise through this segment the locks of hair are given a sexual persona. At no time does the Baron talk, or consider Belinda a wellspring of bliss, yet rather her hair as a widely inclusive mission. The quickness of the Baron’s enthusiasm for the locks of Belinda’s hair delineates a significant part of his character †the trophy is a higher priority than the triumph. It is the plan of the Baron to show the locks of hair, as one would show a recognition. The locks of would imply the physical victory of the magnificence of Belinda †regardless of whether that triumph at any point really happened.  â â â â â â â â â â The connotation given to the locks of hair on Belinda’s head is that of her celibacy. By expelling them, the Baron, in to such an extent as it was found in the occasions, had given Belinda what could be compared to an identification of wantonness. The way through which the Baron accomplishes his objective, is shown through a game. despite the fact that this game is apparently harmless, it represents to unmistakable and clear activities †the first being war, with the immediate symbolism inside the sonnet, and the other being sex, by the inevitable winning of the locks of virtue by the Baron.  â â â â â â â â â â The triumph of the game empowers the Baron to trim the locks of hair from Belinda’s h

Do You Know Where to Find Coalition Essay Topics?

Do You Know Where to Find Coalition Essay Topics?If you want to write a great Coalition essay then you need to make sure that your Coalition topic is closely related to the subject of your major. Most people use the major as the main topic for their essay. This gives them an outline for the essay topic. In addition, it also makes it easy for the essay to move from the topic to the introduction and conclusion sections.Once you have chosen your major, you will then need to decide what format to use in order to make the essay flow and make it easier to read. Most people do not use the essay format but rather write it out in chronological order. This can be effective for some people but is not the best choice for others.Your choice of Coalition essay topics may also depend on whether or not your major is liberal arts or natural sciences. If your major is natural sciences then you may want to stick with an essay that is purely composed of facts and numbers.However, if your major is someth ing like English or History, then your essays relies heavily on style and vocabulary that are based on actual historical facts. It is very important that you understand the rules for writing and research if you want to make a successful essay.You should always be willing to answer any questions that are asked about your essay topics. If you feel that you cannot answer a question, make sure to explain why. Do not keep everything to yourself and explain why you feel the way you do.Many students do not realize that the Coalition essay topics will be read by other students throughout their major. Therefore, your essays should reflect your character and personality. If you try to appear professional, you will look more confident when giving presentations and speaking at parties.If you feel that you cannot answer a question, then make sure to answer it. Do not let your essay topics stand in the way of what is important to you.Essays are written to communicate to the reader something about yourself. Therefore, your Coalition essay topics should be closely related to your major. You should be able to express yourself and your opinions clearly.

Hamlets Relationships With Ophelia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 723 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Hamlet Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? If there is love in Hamlet, well it doesn’t seem to work out that easily. The way that the play has the love between Hamlet and Ophelia is good. It is easy to understand what is going on between both of them. He loves her, he just shows her it in a hard way. I think he loves her, but he is scared to love because he never loved anyone before. I think Hamlet is just hard head and doesn’t know what to do because he never had someone to love like he loves Ophelia. He fears what going to happen between them. He really does love her. He didn’t start to be mean to her until he found out the truth of what happened to his father. Hamlets head wasn’t in the right place, all he could think about was his father died. He went to Ophelia room and he was trying to make love with her, but she stops him. † Lord Hamlet, with his doublet all unbraced;No hat upon his head; his stockings fouled, Ungartered, and down-gyved to his ankle; Pale as his shirt; his knees knocking each other;And with a look so piteous in purport As if he had been loosed out of hell To speak of horrors,he comes before me.† ( Ophelia ) I believe that the only reason why he was pushing her way is cause he didn’t want her to get hurt when he plans on killing his uncle. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Hamlets Relationships With Ophelia" essay for you Create order Another reason why I think he was pushing her away is cause he knew that they were trying to spy on him. He probably thought she was helping them out and telling them what they were saying to each other. So he thought it would be better to not have her in his life, when deep down inside he still really loved her to death. He doesn’t know what to do, he wants to love her, but then he doesn’t want her to get hurt. Hamlet shows his love for Ophelia when he confesses to her that he loves her when he sends her the letter.â€Å"I loved Ophelia. Forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love, make up my sum.†( Hamlet) Although many could argue that Hamlet never loved Ophelia, he was just trying to throw everyone else off. When she went to give him back the things that he gave her, he kept on denying that he didn’t give her anything. In that scene, he was really being mean to her, by calling her names and saying mean stuff about her. Hamlet sai d this to her â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery.† When Hamlet was sent to England, he didn’t know that Ophelia had killed herself by drowning. So when he came back to Denmark and was talking to someone in the graveyard about the head of the person that he knew and had worked there a long time ago. Hamlet has seen someone walking with a group of people and they were carrying the casket, but he didn’t know that it was Ophelia till the put her in the grave. Hamlet couldn’t stand what Ophelia brother was doing and saying. So he starts to say stuff and him Laertes start to fight and than hamlet said: â€Å" I will lay in this grave with her† (Hamlet). So does he really love her? Yes, he does. Hamlet just has to get over the fear of her getting hurt. He was probably wishing that he knew that she died cause they he would have never hurt her. He is probably thinking that its his fault that she killed herself. Ophelia and Hamlet really cared about each other. The loved that started out in the play was great and the love that Hamlet had for her when he found out that she was dead was great too. They just stop loving each other cause Hamlet thought it was safe for her. The way love is shown by the too of them is just simply amazing. They believe in love and they believe in each other. So yes, he really does love her and she really loves him. â€Å"Where love is great, the littlest doubts are fear; Where little fears grow great, great love grows there.†

Common Application Essay Option 5 Tipsâ€Personal Growth

For the 2019-20 admissions cycle, the fifth essay option on the Common Application  focuses  on personal growth: Discuss an accomplishment,  event, or realization that sparked a period of personal growth and a new understanding of yourself or others. We all have all had experiences that bring about growth and maturity, so essay option five will be a viable choice for all applicants. The big challenges  with this essay prompt will be identifying the correct accomplishment, event, or realization and then making sure the discussion of your growth has enough depth and self-analysis to show that you are a strong and  thoughtful college applicant. The tips below can help guide you as you tackle essay option five: What Defines a Period of Personal Growth? The heart of this essay prompt is the idea of personal growth. Its a remarkably broad concept, and as a result this essay prompt gives you the freedom to talk about almost anything meaningful that has ever happened to you. Your job with this essay prompt is to identify a moment that is meaningful and that provides the admissions folks with a window into your interests and personality. As you work to define an appropriate period of personal growth, reflect on the last several years of your life. You shouldnt go back more than a few years since the admissions folks are trying to learn about who you are now and how you process and grow from the experiences in your life. A story from your early childhood wont accomplish this goal as well as a more recent event. As you reflect, try to identify moments that made you rethink your assumptions and worldview. Identify an event that has made you a more mature person who is now better prepared for the responsibilities and independence of college. These are the moments that can lead to an effective essay. What Type of Accomplishment, Event, or Realization Is Best? As you brainstorm ideas for this essay prompt, think broadly as you try to come up with a good choice for the accomplishment, event, or realization. The best choices, of course, will be significant moments in your life. You want to introduce the admissions folks to something you value highly. Also keep in mind that these three words—accomplishment, event, realization—are interconnected. Both accomplishments and realizations stem from something that happened in your life; in other words, without some kind of event, youre unlikely to accomplish something meaningful or have a realization that leads to personal growth.   We can still break down the three terms as we explore options for the essay, but keep in mind that your options include, but are not limited to: An accomplishment:You reach a goal that you have set for yourself such as earning a certain GPA or performing a difficult piece of music.You do something independently for the first time such as preparing a meal for the family, flying across the country, or house-sitting for a neighbor.You overcome or learn to appreciate a disability or handicap.Working alone or with a team, you win an award or recognition (a gold medal in a music competition, a strong showing in Odyssey of the Mind, a successful fundraising campaign, etc.)You successfully launch your own business (a lawn-mowing service, babysitting business, web company, etc.)You successfully navigate or extricate yourself from a dangerous or challenging situation (an abusive family, a problematic peer group, etc.)You do something challenging like winter camping, white-water kayaking, or running a marathon.You complete a meaningful service project such as creating a public garden or helping build a house with Habitat for Humanity.An event:You pass a milestone in your life such as the first day of high school or your first time driving by yourself.You have an interaction with someone (whether that be a friend, family member or stranger) that opens your awareness in a profound way.You perform at an event such as a concert or competition in which your hard work and perseverance finally pay off.You experience a traumatic event such as an accident or sudden loss that makes you reevaluate your behavior or beliefs.You experience a moment of failure (much like option #2) that causes you to grapple with and grow from the experience.You are moved by a world event that makes you reflect upon what you most value and what your role in the world might be.A realization (most likely connected to an accomplishment and/or event):You realize that you can accomplish something you hadnt thought possible.You realize your limitations.You realize that failure is as valuable as success.You realize that your understanding of people who are different than you had been limited or faulty.You experience something that makes you realize that you need to redefine your priorities.You realize that relying on the help of others isnt a failure.You come to understand how much a parent or mentor has to teach you. Personal Growth Can Stem From Failure Keep in mind that the accomplishment,  event, or realization doesnt have to be a triumphant moment in your life. An accomplishment can be learning to deal with setbacks or failure, and the event could be a losing game or an embarrassing solo in which you missed that high C. Part of maturing is learning to accept our own shortcomings, and recognizing that failure is both inevitable and an opportunity to learn. Most Important of All: Discuss When you discuss your event or accomplishment, make sure you push yourself to think analytically. Dont spend too much time merely describing and summarizing the event or accomplishment. A strong essay needs to show off your ability to explore the significance of the event you have chosen. You need to look inward and analyze how and why the event caused you to grow and mature. When the prompt mentions a new understanding, it is telling you that this is an exercise in self-reflection. If the essay doesnt reveal some solid self-analysis, then you havent fully succeeded in responding to the prompt. A Final Note for Common Application Option #5 Try to step back from your essay and ask yourself exactly what information it conveys to your reader. What will your reader learn about you? Does the essay succeed in revealing something that you care about deeply? Does it get at a central aspect of your personality? Remember, the application is asking for an essay because the college has holistic admissions—the school is evaluating you as a whole person, not as a bunch of test scores and grades. They essay, then, needs to paint a portrait of an applicant the school will want to invite to join the campus community. In your essay, do you come across as an intelligent, thoughtful person who will contribute to the community in a meaningful and positive way? No matter which essay prompt you choose, pay attention to style, tone, and mechanics. The essay is first and foremost about you, but it also needs to demonstrate a strong writing ability. These 5 tips for a winning essay can also help guide you. Finally, realize that many topics fit under multiple options on the Common Application. For example, option #3 asks about questioning or challenging a belief or idea. This can certainly connect with the idea of a realization in option #5. Also, option #2 on encountering obstacles could also overlap with some of the possibilities for option #5. Dont worry too much about which option is best if your topic fits in multiple places. Most important is that you write an effective and engaging essay. Be sure to check out this article for tips and samples for each of the Common Application essay options.

Development Of Marketing And The Marketing Process

The Development of Marketing and the Marketing Process Derek A Johnson Herzing University Dr. Mark Ellis October 4, 2015 The Development of Marketing and the Marketing Process Having a well-planned out strategy created by your marketing team is essential to your organization’s success. IT will help you to achieve that goals that you set for the organization and help in attaining the profitability that every business person wants to achieve. But before we get into how marketing came about and how it evolved we have to understand what marketing is and what marketing has made marketing as we know it today. According to the American Marketing Association, marketing is â€Å"the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large (American Marketing Association, 2013, para. 1)† With that being said marketing really started to show up in the early 1900’s when people started to realize that there was a correlation between buying power and demand. In addition to the correlation it was realized that buying power and demand could be manipulated in favor of the seller with the help of advertising. The sellers were realizing that they could take their products and pare it with a perceived value and more people would be attracted to it and purchase the products or services. 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The product of innovative strategies as outlined in the art icle is understood toRead MoreService Encounter Report1617 Words   |  7 PagesService Marketing Service Encounter Report Assignment 2 Name: Sun Yi Due day: 19/09/2012 Letter of transmittal Dear CEO As an employee of the hotel, I hope this report can help the hotels long-term development, improve a lot shortcomings and defects of service, and improve staff quality, service attitude and service level, increase the competitiveness of the hotel. In recent years, there are more and more competition for hotel, peripheral consumption

Human Resource Plan free essay sample

Abstract Planning is important in our everyday life. Similarly planning in Human Resource (HR) is significant for an organization wishing to be successful. It is vital for attaining competitive edge in the market. Mostly top management fails to use HR Department more than as administrative support because they don’t realize its importance in managing the most crucial asset of the organization i. e. Human Resource (Rothwell, W. J and Kazanas, H. C. , 2002). In this paper an HR Plan has been formulated for getting a practical view of Human Resource Planning. Super Mart is an American company dealing in chain of departmental stores. Founded in 1972, it is the largest private employer and grocery retailer in United States. It owns 20% of the market share. It is functional across globe in U. K, Mexico, Argentina, China, South America, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Canada, Japan, Germany and South Korea. The company’s main competitor includes American Superstore, Sellers and Canada’s PurchaseKo (Frank, 2006). Super Mart has developed a frugal culture. The company’s aim has been to keep the prices low and also maintain the cutting-edge technology, a frugal corporate culture and a drive to make suppliers sell merchandise at cheaper prices. The employees are expected to keep the expenses at bare minimum. This shows in the meager salary and health facilities provided to the employees. The culture is present at the Headquarter also which is situated in a suburban location of Arkansas rather than New York. Its executives use coaches and don’t drive limousines and share hotel rooms. They come early, go late and work half day on Saturdays. The company’s main aim is delivering to customers at low cost which shows in its work culture as well (Wilbert, n. d. ). For its internal communication Super Mart has recruited 300 HR personnel, whose job is to communicate the business objectives and growth opportunities to the employees. There also has been an integration of human resource practices with all business strategies for ensuring that all the employees are moving in same direction. An Ethics hotline has been developed where all the ethical issues are reported and promptly investigated (Wal-Mart’s new Communication Plan, 2007). The company has also updated its website to include all issues and controversies. The answer to the question as to why an employee will choose Super Mart as its employer lies in its brand value. Super Mart has 270 stores across America and has global presence. Its initiative in health care and employee benefits are gaining praise. Super Mart has realized that it is successful if its employees are happy, especially as it belongs to service sector, which spells good news for the employees. Recruitment and Selection Recruitment is an important aspect for planning manpower. The recruitment process has been divided into four stages i. e. search plan, selection techniques, timetable and recruitment budget (Human resource Planning, 2006) Search Plan: For attracting the potential employees, media tools like advertising, visits at university and job exhibition are planned. This process is carried on for a period of one month. Selection Techniques: First job specification is designed for a particular position, say for front office employee. Educational Qualification: 10+2 or Graduate Age limit: 25- 30 Qualities: Good communication skills, ready to work in shifts, adaptable to situations, customer friendly and persuasive and eye for detail. On the basis of the above specifications, candidates are shot listed and interviewed. The successful candidates are recommended and unsuccessful candidates are thanked and send back. The selection decision is detained with the area manager only. Timetable: The recruitment and selection process is spread over for four months, from January to April. The recruitment budget covering the advertisement, assessment of applications, interviews and reference checks of employees have been estimated around 2lac. The job description and interview questions have been provided in the appendix. Compensation and Benefits For determining compensation for various posts’ salary, survey is carried out. For making correct comparison, not only matching the job title but matching job duties and responsibilities is also essential. Salary is decided by considering labor market characteristics and cost of living (HR Planning, n. . ). Going by the example taken in this paper for fixing salary for front office employees, their job description is reviewed. Also other components apart from basic salary like traveling allowance and extra pay for overtime have been included (see appendix). Performance Management The performance appraisal of employees is an essential process to keep the employees in check as well as monitor the quality of work. It also provides avenues for development based on feedback and lacunae are identified. Here, as the employees in consideration are front office employees, a simple tool for performance management is selected as the Rating Scale Method. As only basic qualities are expected out of the employees and no technical or high expertises are required, a simple technique like Rating Scale is preferable. In rating scale, the appraiser is asked to rate individual employee on the basis of qualities identified like communication skills, customer feedback, product knowledge, attitude etc. (Sturo, J. , 2006). Employees are ranked on the basis of points assigned to them. Training Program Training is an integral part of HR activity. It is provided not only to new employees but also to the existing employees due to the technological changes or change in ways of marketing or introduction of any new methodology at work. The front office workers are provided training in communication and product knowledge. Certain level of computer education is also given for handling the billing job. The training period lasts for two weeks which includes lectures and simulation program. At the end of the training program, new employees are kept on a probation period of one month where their performance is monitored. Employees showing lack of any learning or scope of improvement are discharged. Retention Program A lot of revenue and time is devoted towards recruiting and selecting people for any position. The story doesn’t end here. The new employee is trained and becomes productive only after a month or so. This adds further to the expenses. Thus, loosing an employee in a short duration after putting so much of money into his/her development becomes uneconomical. This spells more damage for service sector companies because being intangible form of product customers symbolize their experience as equivalent to the standard of service offered. And front office staff is the key to this satisfaction in a big way. Thus, in order to retain the employees, various retention techniques should be adopted, for example incentives for being rated at the top of performance appraisal for consecutive three times, awards for most punctual and well dressed employees, having a star system where employees are given a star badge if he/she has received five positive customer feedback in a month etc. Super Mart is an American Company with global presence. But throughout the years, it is having an approach of ignoring the human resource development by following a frugal system. But with the changing time, it has realized that the best way to succeed is to have happy employees. Keeping this in mind, it has come up with an HR plan which covers areas of recruitment, compensation and benefits, training, performance benefits and retention programs. Hope it will bring smiles for the employees as well as the company in the future. Appendix Job Description: Working hour is 24/7 divided in shifts of 6 hours on a rotational basis. Employees should have good communication skills and identifying products Employees will be expected to deal with customers with patience Assisting customer with making right purchase choice and managing customer flow. Politeness and earnestness to help are other desirable qualities. Interview Questions: Tell me something about yourself? Have you ever lost your cool? When and why? Describe any random product’s features. Compensation Description Basic salary: 9000 Conveyance: 500 For overtime: 500 Total salary: 10,000 Rating Scale for Front Office Employee

Concept of Direct Realism in Philosophy

Absolute and Relative Error Calculation

Absolute and Relative Error Calculation Absolute error and relative error are two types of experimental error. Youll need to calculate both types of error in science, so its good to understand the difference between them and how to calculate them. Absolute Error Absolute error is a measure of how far off a measurement is from a true value or an indication of the uncertainty in a measurement. For example, if you measure the width of a book using a ruler with millimeter marks, the best you can do is measure the width of the book to the nearest millimeter. You measure the book and find it to be 75 mm. You report the absolute error in the measurement as 75 mm /- 1 mm. The absolute error is 1 mm. Note that absolute error is reported in the same units as the measurement. Alternatively, you may have a known or calculated value and you want to use absolute error to express how close your measurement is to the ideal value. Here absolute error is expressed as the difference between the expected and actual values. Absolute Error Actual Value - Measured Value For example, if you know a procedure is supposed to yield 1.0 liters of solution and you obtain 0.9 liters of solution, your absolute error is 1.0 - 0.9 0.1 liters. Relative Error You first need to determine absolute error to calculate relative error.  Relative error expresses how large the absolute error is compared with the total size of the object you are measuring. Relative error is expressed as a fraction or is multiplied by 100 and expressed as  a percent. Relative Error Absolute Error / Known Value For example, a drivers speedometer says his car is going 60 miles per hour (mph) when its actually going 62 mph. The absolute error of his speedometer is 62 mph - 60 mph 2 mph. The relative error of the measurement is 2 mph / 60 mph 0.033 or 3.3%

Appropriateness of the Edinburgh Tourism Strategy Essay

Appropriateness of the Edinburgh Tourism Strategy - Essay Example The motivating factors to changing tourism industry within Edinburgh have been the idea of changing social, economical, and cultural perspectives of the industry. Through changing tourism industry, the previously known season and leisure industry has turned into a rich, diverse, and all-year round thereby attracting many tourists, which has eventually transformed Edinburgh in many different ways and perspectives. From the concepts of the aforementioned facts, the following analysis attempts to create an understanding of the appropriateness of strategies applied in a bid to attract tourists within Edinburgh. The appropriateness of Edinburgh tourism strategy is evaluated in terms of suitability, acceptability, and feasibility. Synopsis of the Edinburgh Tourism Strategy Many transformations have taken place within Edinburgh tourism industry over the past two decades. Nonetheless, this has not been by accident. After realizing the significance of tourism industry, Edinburgh decided to de velop an effective strategy, which was to enhance the industry in a bid to attracting more visitors and income from the industry. Edinburgh tourism industry developed an effective strategy aiming at making the industry better for the next centuries. The strategy revolved around increasing number of visitors as well as income per visitor. The first step taken by Edinburgh in developing an effective tourism industry strategy was to create a vision, which was aimed at making the business within the industry an all seasoned. Evidently, an all seasoned industry was going to increase the number of visitors as well as income obtained. Edinburgh had two main aims that the strategy aimed at achieving through the vision; increasing tourism value as well as enhancing image and reputation of the city in respect to tourism. Three main objectives was developed and stated concisely in a bid to ensuring that the aims were obtained. These objectives included to increase number of visits, average spe nding of the visitors, as well as reducing seasonality across the industry of the sector. The main essence of the Edinburgh tourism industry was to achieve and maintain marketing segments mix that had the capacity and capability of delivering good high yield, all seasoned business activities, and promoting ‘virtuous circle’ (Team Tourism Consulting, ETAG, 2011). In addition, the Edinburgh tourism strategy considered some of the track records of success in a bid to making them better and greater. Over the past two decades, Edinburgh has been able to attain specific benefits and success in terms of growth in both the number of visitors as well as the income obtained from the same. It is through future investments that Edinburgh embarked on to achieve specific aims and objectives in the tourism industry. The strategy developed for Edinburgh tourism was to maintain momentum of the growth that has been achieved for the last two decades for the next decades to 2020 and even b eyond. Investing into the future as defined by this strategy involved continuous reinvesting in existing products as well as innovating in new product developed and other new forms of marketing. Marketing mix was an important aspect of the strategy aimed at making the tourism industry better and greater. Investing into the future also involved obtaining more resources such as human resource through enhanced employment strategies (Team Tourism Consulting, ETAG, 2011). The Edinburgh tourism strategy also identified strengths and challenges in attaining such visions, aims, and objectives. Product strengths

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Final - Essay Example (Plunkett 67) . On Feb 2005, Verizon approved to acquire MCI Company. The acquisition was to benefit it in terms of economics of scale and access to a wider base of customers. By the year 2006, MCI was already integrated into Verizon thus adopting the name verizon business. It then became the largest telecommunication company in the U.S In terms of its sales i.e. 75.11 billion; assets added up to 168.13 US dollars and the company had a profit of 9.4 billion US dollars. Later with the mergers of Bell South and AT and TINC, It became the largest telecommunications company based on its profits and assets in the world. (Plunkett 68) The company principality operates in the US with its headquarters in New York. It offers wireless and wireline services such as voice, network access, data services, broadband video and global internet protocol networks. Verizon communications Inc operates in more than 150 nations worldwide. Verizon voice messaging services is offered for both businesses and residences. Verizon’s Cell co partnership operates the second largest wireless telecomm network in the US In terms of the number of subscribers and revenue. It is also one of the major US carriers to utilize the CDMA technology and uses 8 billion US dollar annually in its maintenance and expansion. It offers both voice and 3G data services for example, text and picture messaging, over the air downloadable applications and wireless broadband based on EV-DO Rev A. It also carries various mobile services and phones eg LG, Motorola and Samsung. (Lutz 138) Verizon’s video services was launched in September , 2005 and uses optical fibre network to distribute more than 330 channels, 180 digital videos and music channels and 1800 video on demand titles. DSL internet services are offered to the same areas where phone services are provided. It is known to have the largest number of spammers of all networks globally. Verizon’s

Nigerian Out Of Wedlock Births Health And Social Care Essay

Nigerian Out Of Wedlock Births Health And Social Care Essay The concept of childbearing, fertility and marriage house constantly been linked together in Nigeria. In the 1990s, out of wedlock birth was rapidly increasing despite Nigerians cultural influence on its population. Nigerians marry to have children, and marriage has meaning only when a child is born or in fact survives (Uche C. Isiugo-Abanihe, 1994). According to Olusanya(1982), marriage in Nigeria is so closely linked with childbearing that a change in the pattern of marriage necessarily influence birth rate and the rate of population growth. Data presented in this report are derived from the Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Nigeria in 1990. This was done by Federal Office of Statistics, Nigeria, and IRD/Macro International, United States. This survey interviewed 8,781 women aged 15-49. All statistical data and sample in this project was obtained from this article. In this dissertation, we will focus on the high level of unwanted pregnancy and out of wedlock birth occurring in Nigeria as a result of low levels of contraceptive use among women in many parts of the country. This project will reveals wide variation in levels of contraceptive use among married and sexually active unmarried women. Both groups have a significant unmet need for family planning, but the reasons for their need differ. we will use old and previous data and surveys collected and conducted during the 1990s by the Nigerian federal office of statistics to explain and solve theoretically and statistically the purpose of this project which is to explain the out of wedlock birth per woman between 1950s and 1980s in Nigeria. All statistical element of this project will be done using sampling and standard error. Selection from the entire country to determine the fertility, determinants of fertility and fertility regulations that led to an increase in out of wedlock birth during t he 1970s to 1990s. Relatively, little empirical work has been conducted for out of wedlock birth in Nigeria. The statistical used in this project has been conducted by the NDHS(Nigerian Demographic Health Survey) mostly drawn from the National Master Sample for the 1987/1992 National Integrated Survey of Households (NISH) and the 1973 Nigerian census result. There is wide regional variation in the timing of marriage among Nigerian women. More than nine in 10 women aged 20-24 in the North East and North West had married by age 20, compared with half to three fourths of women in the three southern regions (The Alan Guttmacher Institute, 2005 series, No4). Nigeria is one of the largest countries in Africa and the most populated Black Country in the world with a population of over 100 million people, nearly twice the size of any other African country. The North East and North West regions are predominantly Muslim, the South East and South regions are mostly Christians, each with its own values and traditions regarding marriage, sexual behaviour, education and childbearing. There are major regional and educational differences in fertility. Women in the north have, on average, one child more than women in the south and women with no education have two children more than women who completed secondary or higher schooling. According to the NDHS survey, the fertility rate of a Nigerian woman between the ages of 15-49 from 1978-1990 moved from 5.9 to 6.0 significantly with an average of 6 children. Source: : Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, 1990. Source: : Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, 1990. The project reveals a big difference in levels of contraceptive use among married and sexually active unmarried women. Both groups have a significant unmet need for family planning, but the reasons for their need differ. The study directs attention toward far-reaching health policy and program responses that affect birth rate in Nigeria. The numerous ethnic groups found in Nigeria contribute considerable cultural diversity. In 1960s, Many article described the growth in Nigerias out of wedlock birth rate as a brief excitement amongst the Nigerian people that they had achieved independence finally, some presumed it to be illiteracy but a close study proved otherwise (study show that out of wedlock birth was more frequent among the most educated women (meekers, 1994b; Calves2000; Emina 2005), excitement of motherhood amongst teenage girls played a minor role, and also the brief civil war that began in 1967 and ended in 1970 played a bigger role in the whole analysis. The Nigerian ferti lity survey during 1981/82 put the average number of child birth per woman at 6.4 %( mostly out of wedlock). Although the data here suggest a slight decline from in the 1970s rate, the level is still relatively high.(www.onlinenigeria.com). During the civil war, many women were reluctant in getting married to prevent bearing the pain of being widows and war casualties. This effected their judgement and led to more pregnancies among women that are unmarried. According to some data analysed during that period by Donald Jonathan, Approximately 45% of children born among teenage women in Nigeria at that time were conceived outside of marriage; double the level recorded during the same period among women aged 18 and older (Donald 1979). This was a huge jump in the growth of the countries fast growing general population. The World Bank estimated Nigerias annual growth rate was rising during the 1950s. Although other sources differed on the exact figure, virtually all sources agreed that t he annual rate of population growth in the country had increased from the 1950s through most of the 1980s. The government estimated a 2% rate of population growth for most of the country between 1953 and 1962. For the period between 1965 and 1973, the World Bank estimated Nigerias growth rate at 2.5%, increasing to 2.7 percent between 1973 and 1983. Before 1970, the stigma of unwed motherhood was so great that few women were willing to bear children outside of marriage. Total fertility rate for the three years preceding the survey end mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49, by selected background characteristics, Nigeria 1990 Background characterises NDHS NFS Mean number Mean number of children of children Total ever born Total ever born Fertility to women fertility to women Rate age 15-49 rate age 15-49 Residence Urban 5.03 6.01 5.79 4.81 Rural 6.33 6.61 5.98 5.56 Region Northeast 6.53 5.75 5.95 4.34 Northwest 6.64 6.21 6.38 4.49 Southeast 5.57 6.99 5.72 6,53 Southwest 5.46 6.84 6.25 5.30 Education No education 6.50 6.41 6.14 5.45 Some primary 7.17 7,3 6.81 5,99 Completed primary 5.57 6.54 7.59 5.71 Some secondary 5.07 6.44 3.90 4.31 Completed 4.18 5.82 NA NA Total 6.01 6.49 5.94 5.41 Source: : Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, 1990. Premarital sexual activity is most common among more educated women, who tend to postpone marriage the longest. In the southern regions, where educational levels are highest and the smallest proportions of young women are married, 41-69% of women aged 20-24 had had premarital intercourse by age 20. This compares with only 6-14% in the North West and North East, where educational levels are lowest and marriage before 20 is most common. The above diagram compares three-year total fertility rates as estimated by the NDHS and NFS. The two surveys, nearly a decade apart, yield almost the same total fertility rates (5.9 for the NFS and 6.0 for the NDHS. Both surveys do indicate that the fertility of uneducated women is fifty percent higher than the fertility of the most educated women. Reasons for increase in out of wedlock birth Three quarter of Nigerian women in the 1990s were married. Age at first marriage differed by region. In the north, women married early, at an average of 15 years of age. In the south, however, women are marrying later in life. Among younger women, the average age at first marriage is over 19 in the southeast and over 20 in the southwest. Women who marry later in life are more likely to have premarital sex which is a clear example of out of wedlock birth. Although the society does not approve of this behaviour, in regions where women stay in school longer and are, therefore, less likely to marry at a young age, premarital sexual behaviour is common. In the Southwest, where a great proportion of women aged 19-49 have completed secondary/ higher education and about one-fourth had not married by age 20, 69% had had premarital sex by this age. In contrast, in the less developed North West region, where only one in five women aged 19-49 have completed secondary/higher education, only a han d full said they had had premarital sex by age 20. These findings illustrate that in the northern regions, where most women in their early 20s have received no more than primary schooling, most sexual activity occurs within the context of marriage. In 1978-1982, Nigerias total fertility rate was 6.4 children per woman. By 1990, it had dropped to 6.0. The distribution of women by number of children ever born within the 1960s to 1980s is presented in the table below for all women and married women. This survey was conducted by the NDHS and documented statistically. The mean number of children ever born for all women increases rapidly with age, so that by the end of her childbearing years; a woman has given birth to almost seven children. The distribution of women by number of births indicates that almost one quarter of teens have already borne a child, and nearly one-third of women age 45 and over have borne nine or more children. Nationally and in all regions of the country, women aged 15-49 are having more children than he want. Source: Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, 1990. Rural women have about one child more than their urban counterparts (6.1 vs. 4.9), and women in the less developed northern regions also have more children than women in the south. Yet women in the South South and South East regions have the largest gaps between their wanted and actual fertility rates, while women in the North West are nearly matching their fertility goals. Overall, women living in both rural and urban areas have more children than they want. Contraception Knowledge and Use: in the survey conducted by the NDHS, it indicates that less than half (46 percent) of all Nigerian women age 15-49 know of at least one method of family planning. This means that over half of the women reported that they did not know any method of family planning. Knowledge of methods was slightly lower among married women and higher among never-married. Although the level of contraceptive knowledge in Nigeria is low, there has been improvement over time. In the 1981/82 Nigerian Fertility Survey (NFS), only 34 percent of all women reported that they had heard of any method Thus, in the 10 years between the NFS and the NDHS, the level of contraceptive knowledge increased by 35 percent. There were also large increases in the proportion of women who knew and used specific methods. Contraceptive use among married and sexually active unmarried women aged 15-49 Married women sexually active Unmarried women % using % using a % using % using a An effective traditional an effective traditional Modern method modern method Method method Total 7 6 33 14 Region North Central 9 4 32 5 North East 2 2 10 3 North West 2 3 23 3 South East 12 10 20 27 South South 12 13 35 16 South West 21 11 53 13 Education â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¾7 years 16 11 38 17 Source: Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, 2003.Contraceptive Use A small proportion of married women in Nigeria use a contraceptive method as seen on the above diagram. Contraceptive use in Nigeria is rare probably because of the preference for large families. In 2003, only 7% of married women aged 15-49 were using an effective modern method of contraception (implants, IUDs, the pill, the male condom, and female or male sterilization). Another 6% were relying on withdrawal, periodic abstinence, lactational amenorrhea or traditional folk methods. There are wide regional differences in overall levels of Contraceptive use: Only 2% of married women in the North East and North West regions are using effective modern methods, and 2-3% is using traditional methods. In the South West, in sharp contrast, 21% of married women are using effective modern methods, and an additional 11% are using traditional methods. In the remaining three regions, 9-12% of married women are using an effective modern method. It is noteworthy that overall contraceptive use is mo re than three times as high among married women with seven or more years of education as among those with less education (27% vs. 8%).(The Alan Guttmacher Institute, 2005 series, No4). Other case of ctraception Contraceptive use is much higher among sexually active unmarried women. In all regions of the country, probably because of widespread societal disapproval of out-of-wedlock pregnancies and births, sexually active unmarried women are more likely than married women to use a contraceptive method (47% vs. 13%-Table 2). In the South West region, 53% of sexually active unmarried women are using an effective modern method and 13% a traditional method, compared with 10% and 3%, respectively, in the North East region. And unmarried women with seven or more years of education are more than twice as likely to be practicing family planning as their less educated counterparts (55% vs. 22%). In addition, 46% of unmarried women who use contraceptives choose condoms, compared with only 15% of married users (not shown). Low awareness, disapproval and uncertain supply keep contraceptive use low. Various factors help explain the low level of contraceptive use among married Nigerian women. Foremost among these is that women generally want large families. Yet low awareness of family planning, conservative cultural attitudes and uncertain contraceptive supply are also important influences. More than 20% of women aged 15-49 have never heard of any method to prevent pregnancy, traditional or modern. The women who are most aware of contraception live in urban areas, have at least seven years of education, or listen to the radio or watch television regularly (about 90% of each group). Even if women have heard of family planning, many do not know where to obtain contraceptives: Of the 78% of women who are aware of any method, only half know where they can get it. In the North East and North West regions, only 28-36% of married women and 24 28% of sexually active unmarried women who are aware of family planning know where to go for contraceptive services. A much higher proportion of a ware women in the South West region know a possible source of methods-77% of married women and 82% of sexually active unmarried women. Low contraceptive use is also partly attributable to the fact that four in 10 married women disapprove of family planning. A data survey conducted by the NDHS shows the reasons for not using contraception given by women who do not intend to use a method. Of the 68 percent of married nonusers who say they do not intend to use family planning in the future, almost half say they do not intend to use because they want children (47 percent). Other reasons given are religion (12 percent), lack of knowledge (12 percent), and fatalism (6 percent), which encompasses responses that imply that there is nothing the woman can do about the number of children she will have. Women under age 30 are more likely to say that they do not intend to use because they want children, while those age 30 and over are more likely to cite reasons such as being menopausal or lack of knowledge. SAMPLE METHOD NDHS sample method used in this project is as a result of a two-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. The computer package CLUSTERS, developed by the International Statistical Institute for the World Fertility Survey, was used to compute the sampling errors with the proper statistical methodology. The CLUSTERS treats any percentage or average as a ratio estimate, r = y/x, where y represents the total sample value for variable y, and x represents the total number of cases in the group or subgroup under consideration. The variance of r is computed using the formula given below, with the standard error being the square root of the variance: Sampling errors for the NDHS are calculated for selected variables considered to be of primary interest. The results are presented in this appendix for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas, and for the four health zones: Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest. For each variable, the type of statistic (mean or proportion) and the base population are given in Table B. 1. Tables B.2 to B.8 present the value of the statistic (R), its standard error (SE), the number of unweighted (N) and weighted (WN) cases, the design effect (DEFT), the relative standard error (SE/R), and the 95 percent confidence limits (R~SE), for each variable. In general, the relative standard errors of most estimates for the country as a whole are small, except for estimates of very small proportions. There are some differentials in the relative standard error for the estimates of sub-populations such as geographical areas. For example, for the variable EVBORN (children ever born to women aged 15-49), the relative standard error as a percent of the estimated mean for the whole country, fo r urban areas and for the Southeast zone is 1.5 percent, 2.3 percent, and 2.7 percent, respectively. The confidence interval (e.g., as calculated for EVBORN) can be interpreted as follows: the overall average from the national sample is 3.311 and its standard error is .051. Therefore, to obtain the 95 percent confidence limits, one adds and subtracts twice the standard error to the sample estimate, i.e., 3.311+.102. There is a high probability (95 percent) that the true average number of children ever born to all women aged 15 to 49 is between 3.209 and 3.413. 148 Conclusion: According to the NDHS, fertility remained high in Nigeria during the1980s. The total fertility rate may actually be higher than 6.0, due to underestimation of births. This is why out of wedlock birth has constant increased during these periods. In a 1981/82 survey, the total fertility rate was estimated to be 5.9 children per woman. One reason for the high level of fertility is that use of contraception is limited. Only 6 percent of married women currently use a contraceptive method (3.5 percent use a modem method, and 2.5 percent use a traditional method). Levels of fertility and contraceptive use are not likely to change until there is a drop in desired family size and until the idea of reproductive choice is more widely accepted. At present, the average ideal family size is essentially the same as the total fertility rate: six children per woman. Thus, the vast majority of births are wanted. The desire for childbearing is strong in Nigeria. Half of women with five chil dren say that they want to have another child. Another factor leading to high fertility is the early age at marriage and childbearing in Nigeria. Half of all women are married by age 17 and half have become mothers by age 20. More than a quarter of teenagers (women age 15-19 years) either are pregnant or already have children. National statistics mask dramatic variations in fertility and family planning between urban and rural areas, among different regions of the country, and by womens educational attainment. Women who are from urban areas or live in the South and those who are better educated want and have fewer children than other women and are more likely to know of and use modem contraception. For example, women in the South are likely to marry and begin childbearing several years later than women in the North. In the North, women continue to follow the traditional pattern and marry early, at a median age of 15, while in the South, women are marrying at a median age of 19 or 20 .Although fertility rates are declining as modernization is increasing, Many women are still experiencing unwanted and unplanned pregnancies, with consequences ranging from interruption of schooling to health risks and economic hardship, all of which hinder efforts to improve their socioeconomic status. By educating and empowering both married and sexually active unmarried women to make informed and responsible decisions about contraceptive use and their desired fertility, the Nigerian government can improve both the health and the economic productivity of its citizens. BIBLOGRAPHY REFERENCE: Federal Ministry of Health [Nigeria]. 1988. NationalPolicyonPopulationforDevelopment, Federal Office of Statistics [Nigeria]. 1963. Population Census of Nigeria, 1963 Combined National Figures. Lagos, Nigeria Frank Falkner and J.M. Tanner, Vol. 3, 241-262, New York: Plenum Press. NIGERIAN DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY 1990 -federal office of statistics. Lagos Nigeria Unity,Progressand Self-Reliance. Lagos, Nigeria: Department of Population Activities. London, Kathy A., Jeanne Cushing, Shea O. Rutstein, John Cleland, John E. Anderson, Leo Morris, and Sidney H. Moore. 1985. Fertility and Family Planning Surveys: An Update. Population Reports, Series M, No. 8. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University, Population Information Program. Martorell, R. and J.P. Habicht. 1986. Growth in Early Childhood in Developing Countries. In Human Growth: A Comprehensive Treatise, ed. by National Population Bureau [Nigeria] and World Fertility Survey. 1984. The Nigeria Fertility Survey 1981/82: Principal Report. Vol. 1: Methodology and Findings. Lagos, Nigeria: National Population Bureau. National Population Bureau [Nigeria[ and Institute for Resource Development/Westinghouse [1988]. National Demographic Sample Survey (NDSS) 1980: Nigeria National Report. Columbia, Maryland: IRD/Westinghouse. Ransome-Kuti, O., A.O.O. Sorungbe, K.S. Oyegbite, and A. Bamisalye, eds. [ 1989] Strengthening Primary Health Care at Local Government Level: The Nigerian Experience. Lagos, Nigeria: Academy Press Ltd. Rutstein, Shea Oscar and George T. Bicego. 1990. Assessment of the Quality of Data Used to Ascertain Eligibility and Age in the Demographic and Health Surveys. In An Assessment of DHS-I Data Quality, 3-37. Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems. DHS Methodological Reports, No.1. Columbia, Maryland. REDUCING UNWANTED PREGNANCY IN NIGERIA BY the Alan Guttmacher Institute

Hypocrisy in The Enormous Radio Essay -- Enormous Radio Essays

Hypocrisy in The Enormous Radio  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In the short story, "The Enormous Radio," by John Cheever, the radio acts as a wake up call for Jim and Irene Westcott. Even though they believe that their life is better than their neighbors’ lives, the radio proves them wrong. The Westcott’s life can be compared to a freshly painted ten-year-old car: nice and shiny on the outside but falling apart on the inside. In the beginning, Jim and Irene seem to have a good life with no problems; they seem to be average, ordinary people. The story states, "The Westcotts differed from their friends, their classmates, and their neighbors only in an interest they shared in serious music" (Cheever 812). This already hints that they might have their share of problems, especially since they are almost exactly like everyone they know. One reason why they might think they have a better life is because of their music, but in actuality, this is where their conflicts arise. Once they get the new radio, everything seems fine, even though they can hear all of the neighbors’ conversations. The Westcotts ...

Emergency Department Bottleneck Proposal

Emergency Department Bottleneck Proposal Middletown Hospital is a 200-bed, not-for-profit-general hospital that has an emergency department with 20 emergency beds. The emergency department handles on an average 100 patients per day. The hospital’s CEO has authorized the Six Sigma Team (SST) to address complaints received from patients seeking treatment between 6:00 p. m. and 10:00 p. m. The complaints are centered on waiting times and poor service. During this time the data indicates that approximately 70% of the department’s admissions occur (University of Phoenix, 2009, Course Syllabus). To address these complaints and improve performance of the emergency department the Six Sigma Team must understand process improvement proposals. The process must identify the reason of the bottleneck; identify the correct data collection method; the use of capacity planning; accurate analysis of the scheduling and controlling techniques; and identify a recommendation on staffing or alternative sources of care. Process Improvement Proposals A process improvement proposal is a mechanism to define the opportunities needed to reduce the number of steps, interactions, decision points, reports, and the length of the defined practice (Langabeer, 2008). Three key areas need to be addressed when improving a current practice. According to Langabeer (2008), these areas include increasing capacity, reducing the use of resources, and reducing the amount of variation (p. 79). For example, if the emergency department is currently seeing patients at a rate of four per hour during normal business hours, and this rate drops to one per hour during the period listed a bottleneck will result. To address this issue the department needs to provide the resources necessary to avoid the problem. However, when the reason for the bottleneck is known the correction must include steps to preserve resources. These steps must address reducing the cost per patient, removing excessive steps, and exposures that are unnecessary. Because the data shows the bottleneck occurring after normal business hours the third key area is equally important for successful performance. This area involves the development of control tools. These tools will assist the department when variation occurs, these tools can include the development of contingency plans to use other hospital resources available after normal business hours; for example the use of clinical examination rooms for patient overflow. Process of Improvement Method Edward Deming introduces a method known as the Deming Cycle to identify bottlenecks within organizational structures. The Deming Cycle comprised of a continuous process cycle that involve planning, implementation, assessment and decision-making. Deming postulated that â€Å"business processes should be analyzed and measured to identify sources of variations that cause products to deviate from customer requirement† (Arveson, 1998, para 1). Each step gives operation managers the feedback needed to determine if they are meeting current objectives. Arveson also suggest that this checklist will help reduce bottlenecks from happening while increasing productivity within every department. Comparing the Middleton Hospital use of Six Sigma methodology to Deming Cycle both methods can help reduce bottlenecks issues with waiting time that occurs during interval time of 6:00 p. . to 10:00 p. m. Six Sigma methodology uses phases of defining a problem and provide an alternative solution to the problem. The next phase includes measuring the solution’s outcomes, analyzing the outcomes’ goals and effectiveness, improving any flaws that was identified in the improvement process, and controlling any costs or activities to contain cost and resource deficiency (National Association of Health Care Quality, 2009). The Six Sigma system addresses each problem measuring a quantitative solution to be addressed by upper management and delivered to department heads for implementation. Appropriate Collection Methods Middletown Hospital needs to look at different ways of collecting data. Data collection can be subdivided into three categories with service type, department, and floor. This collection of data is valuable tool that managers need to have in order to understand the flow of business within each department. With the collection of data it will allow managers to calculate the volumes of patients during specific times. The SST will require data collected from all computers used to monitor access to the admission system. Additional data will have specific times at which the patient reported to various stations of treatment, and when the patient was discharged. A multivariate trend forecasting method will be more appropriate in this setting; the use of multiple variables about the item being forecasted allows seasons and cycles to be combined with other variables and improve forecast accuracy (Langabeer, 2008). This will give operation managers better forecasting abilities as they will be able to see trends. Finally, the SST will need to analyze the amount of resources or assets available to serve demand (Langabeer, 2008). Quantitative data needed to measure capacity will include: the number of available beds and treatment rooms, the number of key providers and other staff available at each point of care between 6:00 p. m. and 10:00 p. m. , and availability of key medical technologies and equipment. Examples of key medical equipment are diagnostic imaging, X-ray and laboratory equipment. Methods to Analyze The first step in analyzing the cause of Middletown Hospital’s emergency department bottleneck is to perform a capacity analysis that will help to identify appropriate assets and resources to serve the increased need within each emergency department. The analysis should capture statistical data in time series format that will show sequential data recorded during different time periods throughout the day. Data should be included from time periods when the emergency room is successful in handling demand as well as occurrences of the bottleneck. Creation of a control chart can also be useful in discovering areas of daily operations that are contributing to the current issue of meeting demand. Middletown Hospital is aware that they can not keep up with the demand placed upon each department with current needs. In knowing the limitations, data from the other 20 hours in which emergency department is in operation can be used to obtain values for a mean and average to be used to create a control limit. Taking data from the entire day can be used to obtain a standard deviation value as well. Data and observations that show a large deviation from the mean will alert the staff to areas that need to be updated or streamlined. The control data that is being recorded should be able to define staff ratios, numbers of patients seen, time of day, day of the week, equipment or technology malfunctions, ime of patient visit, reason, and duration. A control chart can help Middletown Hospital distinguish normal and abnormal processes within their patient delivery service. Bottlenecks Operation managers need to handle many different jobs at once. These jobs can be dealing with bottlenecks, and forecasting. Operation managers need to look at current flow of business to determine the proper amount of staffing needed to handle problems in the future. By working with an accurate forecast managers are able to see what is expected and when the flow of business will occur. When increasing staffing in any department the profitability will decrease at start, but soon will rebound as more patients realize they are receiving treatment at a faster pace. According to Langabeer (2008), one of the keys to increase throughput or capacity is to remove these obstacles or bottlenecks, which is called de-bottlenecking (p. 96). Increasing the number of staff on during peak times it will be easy to reduce the number of complaints and increase the profitability of every department. Being able to remove the barriers will allow managers to see the results within days instead of weeks. Within any department comes demand and being able to predict the demand allows managers to become better forecasters. According to Langabeer (2008), â€Å"forecasting is a collaborative process that estimates the volume of patients that will be served over a specific time period. More precisely, it is a projection of demand that will occur along three dimensions: service type, location, and time dimensions† (p. 97-98). Managers will have to better look at the forecasting they are doing in order to make sure they are using the most current data in order to predict flow and handle problems. Recommendation on Staffing Middletown hospital’s ability to move patients smoothly through the emergency department has become a conversation of complaint for patients. Due to the high volume of patients being seen during the hours of 6:00 p. m. and 10:00 p. m. changes need to be made to optimize waiting times and efficiently treat patients. The emergency department is averaging 100 patients per day which, means that 70 of them are coming through the emergency department between 6:00 p. m. and 9:00 p. m. According to Langabeer (2008), in health care, wait times are frequently a source of poor patient satisfaction and process inefficiency (p. 10). The hospital emergency department is currently plagued with a lack of staff scheduled at key times and needs to look at alternatives to better manage the movement of patients. Creating a solution for Middletown hospital means using multiple channel servers to reduce check in time and maximize on hand staff’s time management. Because a majority of the iss ues arise at a key time in the day the revision of the patient routing and flow is required. According to Hall (2006), therefore, by altering patient routing and flow, it may be possible to minimize patient waiting times and increase staff utilization (p. 221). Bottlenecks occur in a hospital emergency department because of the triage concept of putting most significant injuries first. This means many minor care issues will be pushed back. Combating this issue creating a fast track lane to handle minor care issues will decrease patient complaints and wait time. These concepts should reduce the wait time of patients within this three hour block and maximize their experience in the emergency department at Middletown hospital. Conclusion Bottleneck is often the result of an organization lacking the capacity to meet the needs of clients in delivering a particular service. Middletown hospital was given a recommendation to review its current organization capacity by examining their processes, resources, technology. Middletown hospital was able to define other available resources which could be used to assist with meeting their patient demand. Reference Arveson, P. (1998). The Deming Cycle. Retrieved November 27, 2009, from http://www. balancedscorecard. org/TheDemingCycle/tabid/112/Default. aspx Hall, R. (2006). Patient flow: reducing delay in healthcare delivery. Los Angeles, CA: Springer Science Business Media, LLC. Langabeer, J. (2008). Health care operations management: A quantitative approach to business and logistics [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. Sudbury,MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from University of Phoenix, OPS/HC571 Health Care Operations Management Web site. National Association of Healthcare Quality. (2009). JHQ 174: Lean Six Sigma in health care. Retrieved November 27, 2009, from http://www. nahq. org/journal/ce/article. html? article_id=250 University of Phoenix. (2009). OPS/HC571 course syllabus. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from University of Phoenix OPS/HC571- Course Materials Web site.

Unit HSC31 Promote Effective Communication for and About...

1. Identify THREE specific aids to communication. Knowledge specification 11 1. Eyes using eye contact can inform the speaker you are listening to them eyes also enable us to read we can communicate with items such as communication boards, pictures. 2. Ears listening attentively show the speaker you are interested in what they are saying. This encourages the speaker to talk more by making them feel you are interested in what they say. We can also improve hearing with hearing aids which help people with hearing problems. 3. Speech is the main aid to communication you should speak clearly and calmly to ensure you are understood. Use the tenant’s language by this I mean use words that will be clearly understood no†¦show more content†¦She will also relay on other people to speak for her. This causes embarrassment at times for her. She will not look at the listener. She will often stand behind her bedroom door to avoid eye contact. Service User B Reasons for difficulties in communicating effectively The main issues for this tenant is written communication the tenant has problems with reading and writing this is due to leaning difficulty that the tenant has. There are also problems at time with verbal communication the tenant’s speech at times is difficult to understand the cause of this is due to again learning difficulties that the tenant has and also issues with his alcohol problem. Resultant behaviour This causes embarrassment at times it also makes the tenant feel frustrated and upset this also means that he will avoid taking to people and spend a lot of time alone. Because of difficulties with reading the tenant also misses appointments because he has not understood the letter he has received and has not asked anybody to help him with it. 7. Give TWO examples of how power can become an issue when communicating sensitive or difficult information to others. Knowledge specification 8d 1. Power in a support relationship can be an issue at times because the tenant sees the worker as having power because they provide the support advice and information that tenants require to live independently. A worker should always be aware of this and give the